Dmitry Medvedev told a security conference in Munich that a lack of cooperation threatened to return the continent to “40 years ago, when a wall was standing in Europe”. He rejected the widely held belief that Russian planes had hit civilian targets in Syria. 

 

“There is no evidence of our bombing civilians, even though everyone is accusing us of this,” he said on Saturday. “Russia is not trying to achieve some secret goals in Syria. We are simply trying to protect our national interests …

 

“Creating trust is hard … but we have to start. Our positions differ, but they do not differ as much as 40 years ago when a wall was standing in Europe.

 

“You could say even more sharply: we have fallen into a new cold war,” he said. “Nearly on a daily basis, we are being blamed for the most terrible threat to Nato as a whole, to Europe, to America, to other countries. They make scary movies where Russia starts a nuclear war. I sometimes wonder: are we in 2016 or 1962?”

 

The Nato secretary general, Jens Stoltenberg, rejected Medvedev’s accusations: “Russia’s rhetoric, posture and exercises of its nuclear forces are aimed at intimidating its neighbours, undermining trust and stability in Europe.”

 

The Russian prime minister’s comments came as fighting escalated in northern Syria, with the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights saying that Turkey had shelled Syrian territories for the second time this month.

 

Medvedev’s French counterpart, Manuel Valls, told the conference: “To find the path to peace again, the Russian bombing of civilians [in Syria] has to stop.”

 

The US secretary of state, John Kerry, said most of Russia’s attacks had been against legitimate opposition groups in Syria.

 

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“This is the moment. This is a hinge point,” he said. “Decisions made in the coming days and weeks, and a few months could end the war in Syria – or could define a very difficult set of choices for the future.

 

“The war in Syria has now lasted for almost five years and shows no signs of burning itself out, which is why we are so focused on a political track. If the international community and the Syrians themselves miss the opportunity now before us to achieve that political resolution to the conflict [then] the violence, the bloodshed, the torture, the bombing, and the anguish will continue – so will the siren call to jihad.”

 

 

However, Russia’s foreign minister said the chances of securing a ceasefire within a week were less than 50% and his country remained deeply suspicious of US intentions. 

 

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Sergey Lavrov said military cooperation between the US and Russia was the “key tool” to ensuring the humanitarian supplies were delivered and hostilities ended.

 

“If we are moving closer to practical goals of [a] truce then, without cooperation between the military, nothing will work out,” he told the Munich conference.

 

The British foreign secretary, Philip Hammond, said the chance of a truce depended on Russia’s actions: “Unless Russia over the next days is going to stop, or at least significantly scale back that bombing, the moderate armed opposition will not join in this [peace] process. They cannot be expected to join in this process.”

 

Germany’s foreign ministry said Russia’s military action had “seriously compromised” the peace process, while the Turkish foreign minister, Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, said on Twitter: “What is important now is embracing this opportunity, stopping the airstrikes, ceasing targeting civilians and providing humanitarian access.”

 

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The Lithuanian president, Dalia Grybauskaitė, told the conference the situation was more serious than the cold war. “We are probably facing a hot war,” she said. “Russia is demonstrating open military aggression in Ukraine, open military aggression in Syria. There is nothing cold about this, it is very hot.”

 

Russian aircraft were seen in action over northern Syria again on Friday. Its intervention in the conflict since late September has significantly strengthened the hand of President Bashar al-Assad, who on Friday vowed to regain control of the entire country.

 

His comments dealt a swift blow to international efforts to secure a ceasefire, deliver aid and promote a negotiated solution to the war that has killed more than a quarter of a million civilians.

 

The Syrian Observatory said that more than 1,000 civilians have been killed by Russian airstrikes in Syria.

 

Kerry said earlier that if the peace plan agreed on Friday failed, more foreign troops could enter the conflict. 

 

“If the Assad regime does not live up to its responsibilities, and if the Iranians and the Russians do not hold Assad to the promises that they have made ... then the international community obviously is not going to sit there like fools and watch this,” he said. 

 

 

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Çavuşoğlu said Saudi Arabia had sent troops and fighter jets to Turkey’s Incirlik military base ahead of a possible ground invasion of Syria, but did not reveal any numbers.

 

“We have always emphasised the need for an extensive result-oriented strategy in the fight against [Isis]. If we have such a strategy, then Turkey and Saudi Arabia may launch an operation from the land,” he told a Turkish newspaper.

 

The Saudi foreign minister said his country would be “ready to participate” in ground action and reiterated a desire to see the Syrian president deposed.

 

“There will be no Bashar al-Assad in the future,” Adel al-Jubeir told Germany’s Sueddeutsche Zeitung newspaper. “It might take three months, it might take six months or three years – but he will no longer carry responsibility for Syria. Period.”